I have the exact same problem. The problem is still there in Safe Mode. When I try to "Share to Messages", the control grays out for a moment (as if waiting for Messages to pop up the small window), I can see Messages trying to do something in Activity Monitor (pops up at the top of the list showing CPU usage), but then a few seconds later drops down on the list, the Share button is active again, and nothing happens.
Sharing works fine with all other apps - Facebook, Twitter, AirDrop - all work properly. Messages is the only one that will not start.
I can see activity with Messages in Console when I try to share, but I can't tell what that means - all I can figure out is that Messages is certainly trying to start up, but something cancels it and nothing happens.
Guest account works fine.
Additional data: I first upgraded from El Capitan, and I saw this problem. So then I decided to do a fresh install of Sierra and then add all the software I need. With a fresh install of Sierra, all was well. Then I added Parallels, Citrix Receiver, Office 2016 for Mac, installed a couple of printers - and somewhere along the line - sharing to messages stopped working.
Any ideas on how to even start troubleshooting this? (I really don't want to start from scratch again and see what broke it - any other way to find this out?)
Thanks in advance.