I had the same issue with an account hosted by Dotster. They couldn't help -- basically were goggling the same 'fixes' we see here and other google-regurgitated tripe. Their cert was a COMODO cert with an expiration of 4/2019 (three year) so it's not like the cert was just renewed. My behavior started after the iOS 10.3 update.
And like a few of you, I'm a server herder from way back -- rolled my own many times. But iOS is wonky - and we forget that it 'remembers' crap unless we go to some effort to overwrite its mysteries. So I removed the account completely from the phone. When I re-entered the account using POP/SMTP and SSL, it gave no alert and allowed me to send successfully. I thought that was weird, but hey -- the account worked. That was fix #1.
I also noted on another account, when I deleted just the SMTP server -- walked all the way out of the settings, power-cycled the phone, then added the SMTP server back in fresh, it then gave me the alert that the cert wasn't trusted, but it ALSO gave me the option to manually trust with the red link. That was fix #2. So this is an iOS issue wherein the interface isn't consistent between settings a SMTP up fresh vs attempting to edit a pre-existing one.
I also played with another SMTP server that was broken like this, not removed from another phone, and it displays the same frustrating details screen MISSING the red TRUST link/button. All worked well when I used my first method on that account, too. Go figure.