You'll would have the same maximum resolution if you could connect it to it.
The 4k Ultrafine however does not support the Thunderbolt 2 connections from the Mac Pro
Use the LG UltraFine 4K Display with your MacBook or MacBook Pro - Apple Support
With that said, the Mac Pro cannot output in anything higher than 4k resolution which is the 3840 x 2160
3840 being as close as the Mac Pro can get to the 4000 horizontal pixels 4k gets its name from.
The 4k ultra fine can display up to 4096 x 2304. But the Mac Pro cannot output that.
You could get a 8K monitor and still the Mac Pro cannot output beyond 4K.
If you use Full HD 1080p monitor, then you would be limiting the Mac Pro to the 1920 x 1080 resolution the 1080p monitor can display. Even though the Mac Pro can output at higher resolutions the 1080p monitor cannot display them.
The same is true in reverse. The 4k and 5k monitors can display higher resolutions than the Mac Pro can output.