Noticed in macOS Sierra you 'could' easily copy-n-paste the folder icons. Have done it for years.
It appears in macOS High Sierra, the lockdown on permissions has changed that ease of copy-n-paste.
Here is the best workflow I have come up with and it works 100% of the time:
1. Open Finder
2. Click select the blue folder you want to change. Don't double-click it. Just click select it.
3. Press CMD + OPT + i (Command+Option+i). The letter 'eye' for information. This will open a persistent information dialogue box. Arrange the Finder and the Information dialogue box so you can see all of each on your screen.
4. Navigate to the icon in Finder you want to copy. Let's say you install some software and the software manufacturer creates a macOS blue folder, but inside the folder are all these files with the pretty icon pictures you want.
5. Click select that file/icon which you want to copy. Notice the icon picture shows up in the information dialogue box.
6. Click select the icon at the top of the dialogue box. A light blue/grey halo will show.
7. Press CMD + C for copy. You have just copied the icon image to the clipboard.
8. Navigate to the blue folder, inside Finder, of the one you want to change the icon. Click select. Notice the information dialogue box has now changed to the folder you have click selected.
9. Click the gold lock in the lower righthand corner of the information dialogue box with the blue folder of the icon you want to change.
10. Authenticate.
11. Select 'everyone' under the Sharing & Permissions: field.
12. Change to Read & Write.
13. Click select the blue folder icon above in the same dialogue box.
14. Press CMD + V for paste. Viola!
15. Go back down to the 'everyone' group and change the Sharing & Permissions: field back to 'Read only.' THIS is the important step. Otherwise, you have opened up your computer to a lot of bad things.
Yeah, it does add some steps to the process prior to High Sierra, but I am certain it has something to do with locking-down the permissions for a better computing environment.
Good luck everyone!