This thread allowed me to try some things, granted they didn't work in my case - but certainly helped my process of at least being able to use my computer as it was before attempting the update.
To clarify some final technical details of my process...
After holding the power button due to giving up on the update,
I attempted to use Command + R to enter recovery.
That took me right back to the Apple Logo and a Progress Bar that started at about 90%. Not recovery, as expected.
Let it stall for half an hour.
Tried again, this time using the Option key. The only boot option was High Sierra, no recovery.
Then I gave up, plugged in the backup of High Sierra in from a 2012 mini.
Held Option, booted to the external recovery partition of 10.13 from the mini, which showed up just fine.
Then I reinstalled High Sierra to the Internal drive of the 2016 MBP. It was very fast, using a cheap SSD.
I can confirm that this took me back to 10.13.2 and the Supplemental Update is available in the App Store.
At this point, I'm operational, and won't attempt the supplemental update without speaking to AppleCare first.