Hi Daniel,
Did you remove boot camp using the boot camp assistant or did you manually delete the partition? One way you may be able to fix this is through the disk utility app. Reformat the missing/unused space, then resize the Macintosh HD to fill the entire space. If you cannot do this while macOS is running, boot into recovery mode and do it using Disk Utility while in recovery mode. If that doesn't work then you may need to format the entire disk and re-install macOS.
To get Windows working: There seems to be an issue with the Win10_1709_x64.iso file. I recommend downloading an older version; 1703 (Creators Update) from the Microsoft website, then once it's installed, update to the latest version using Windows update. You can get the official link from http://windowsiso.net/windows-10-iso/windows-10-creators-update-1703-download-bu ild-15063/windows-10-creators-update-170…
Download the 1703 ISO. Run bootcamp assistant again. It'll create the partition again. Disconnect all external drives during the installation process. The 1703 ISO should install without any issues/errors. Please note that creating the partition may take some time. Boot camp assist may appear stuck but just wait it out.