Is your Mac connected to a server? If so, try executing fdesetup sync. This will synchronize Open Directory information with FileVault so that the users appear on the login screen. Even if your Mac is not connected to a server, it's still worth trying this command. You could also list what users are authorized to unlock FileVault by using the command sudo fdesetup list (must be executed as administrator and requires admin password).
fdesetup is the command that manages FileVault, so you may also want to see the fdesetup man page and check if any other commands could resolve the issue.
Hope this helps!