If you are getting S.M.A.R.T. errors, High Sierra did not do this. It just happened to be doing a lot of writes during the install that sent, the already in trouble disk, over the edge. Your disk has been dying for awhile, most likely doing lots of retires, and running slower than it should, when it finally started throwing errors that caused macOS take notice (disk controllers do retries without telling macOS it is doing it; macOS only knows there is an issue when after a single read retires hundreds of times and the disk does not succeed, then it tells macOS it could not read the data).
Rotational disks fail. Some fail young, some fail old, but eventually they all fail.
I've had more disk failures than I care to count, so I always maintain backups (multiple backups, using different backup utilities, going to different backup devices, with some of them stored off-site). I've been using computers for 45+ years as a programmer, and admin and as a user. Disks fail. Computers fail. Networking gear fails. Keyboards fail. Mice fail. Monitors fail. Some faster than others, but if you use it long enough, it will fail. And if it doesn't fail, it is only because the tech is so old it doesn't work with anything any more.
Hopefully have have current backups.