It really helps when we get specific info.
If you look closely at the specs of the router.. you will find the requirement is "Full-Cone NAT"
Read this carefully.
https://www.3cx.com/docs/troubleshooting-firewall-checker/
The Airport is using random ports.
It seems the behaviour is different when you are able to set specific ports but using the range the airport is using Symmetric NAT.. although I cannot find anywhere Apple specifically describes their NAT behaviour.
Your easiest solution is replace the Airport with another brand of router which does use Full-Cone NAT.
(Some more recent models actually have selection for full-cone).
I have run into this before with VOIP setups. Lots of routers will fail VOIP due to NAT issues.
You can keep the Airport as bridged device just for wireless.. but it is clearly going to need replacement of a SMB type router .. Airport are domestic equipment.