I had the exact same problem with MacBook pro 13" and my iPhone 6 would not show up in iTunes after High Sierra update. Some things I noticed that may help Apple fix this in the os. I purchased a new iPad, when I connected it I got the prompts to trust etc which I did and then it also did not show up. But the MacBook can see the devices just fine - When you go into About > System Report > check the usb devices my iPhone and iPad are both there. I briefly upgraded to Mojave and iPad & iPhone both show up in iTunes, but I had to roll back to high sierra as my coding editor will not run in Mojave. Last night I finally fixed the issue in High Sierra by deleting iTunes and letting the OS reinstall it. I could not reinstall iTunes thru the app store.
Steps taken - of course make sure your fully backed up with time machine before doing this, then double check that your backed up!
opened up a terminal window
cd /applications
sudo rm -r iTunes.app
you may not need to sudo, but I did just to make sure
Now iTunes is gone. I went to the app store, checked for updates and got nothing. I then plugged my iPhone into my MacBook and the MacBook popped up a small window saying something like "we need to install some software to make your iOS compatible" (I cannot remember what exactly it said). I clicked the install and it went ahead and did the install - it doesn't say what its installing and it took a while, but at the least it did reinstall iTunes.
After this I went back into iTunes and my iPhone shows up just fine. I connected my new iPad and it also shows up just fine. Case closed for me. I hope this helps others.
cheers
ricki