No, sorry, you didn't. iCloud data is not device-specific, it is Apple/iCloud account-specific, so you would have to intentionally transfer data on the device to that iCloud account by merging it when you signed in. If you didn't merge anything, then nothing has been transferred to that iCloud account.
Is this a temporary sign on, or what? Because, although nothing will be merged from your device to the iCloud account you signed into (unless you told it to merge), the data on the iCloud account that you are signing in will download to that device if the option for that iCloud service is turned on under Settings>iCloud.
So, Contacts, Calendars, Reminders, Notes, etc. could all be downloaded if those options were turned on.
Best,
GB