I figured I would just tell you all about my story. I do not have any solutions, the problem is still ongoing. But first I'd like to clear some confusion.
There seem to be a couple of people in this thread who thinks that when you experience this problem and you plug the HDTV with your MacBook through HDMI, you get a connection with the HDTV and can change the settings. This is not true. What happens is that the MacBook will flash its screen like it does when it detects a TV being connected, but then it will go back to normal. No connection established. Of course, there's people in this thread with different kinds of problems but with similarities. However, the main problem in this thread is quite clear and it's the same one that I have.
So with that out of the way, here's what happens for me and most people in this thread:
I've been using a Mini Display Port to HDMI adapter for quite a while and it has been working great. But lately I've been experiencing issues with it. There is nothing wrong with the adapter nor the cable, and certainly not the TV.
When I connect the adapter to the computer, the screen on the MacBook will flash blue, like it should, but it will not connect to the TV. What does this mean? It means that it detects the TV but is unable to establish a connection with it. Probably because it sends the wrong signals.
Now that's all pretty logical, but here comes the weird stuff. If I continue to try and re-establish a connection, either by plugging in and out the cable or changing HDMI-ports with the TV-remote (the MacBook re-detects when I switch from HDMI1 to HDMI2 and back), it will eventually establish a connection with the TV and work fine. Though, this can take minutes. Plenty of minutes. Last night I tried re-detecting for about 15 minutes and it didn't work. However, this morning it worked quite quickly.
So the problem is quite obviously with the MacBook/the OS and not with the adapter, cable or the TV. It's just ridiculous, and frankly quite annoying, to read posts where people claim you should get a new adapter. Why? Because there's so many people out there with different adapters, and people who have switched adapters and so on and so forth, that experience the exact problem I just describe. So either there's a problem with the MacBook/OS or there's a lot of TVs and adapters out there that are faulty. It's just illogical.
Once again I would like to remind you all that there's no connection, what so ever, between the TV and the MacBook when it doesn't establish one. And by establish I mean that you can actually see the screen on the TV. So bringing up the display settings won't do anything, search for devices on the TV or in the MacBook won't do anything. There just is not a TV there for the MacBook.
I have tried everything posted in this thread and the only thing that works for me is trying over, and over, and over, and over again until it just randomly works.