Somewhat different problem, but info may help. I just bought a new Mac Mini (lists as 2018 model) to replace a 2014 model. On the 2014 I used an older iMac as a display, connecting with a Mini DisplayPort to Mini DisplayPort cable (Thunderbolt 2 on Mini to MDP on iMac). The iMac was kept at the login screen, and the Mini always connected to it, when rebooting or coming out of sleep.
I bought a USB C to Mini DisplayPort cable to use with the new Mini and connected to the same iMac. Found that on waking the Mini all I got was a black screen. Noticed that if I unplug the MDP cable from the iMac and then re-connect, the Mini screen comes up. Unplugging the USB C end from the Mini and re-inserting does nothing.
So it seems to me that there is a handshaking problem with the Mini when coming out of sleep; it's what is being (or not being) sent from the Mini that prevents re-connecting with the display being used. The iMac doesn't have an HDMI port, so I haven't been able to test the HDMI output from the Mini yet.
[Question: is a MDP <-> HDMI adapter bi-directional? If so, I would get one and use it to connect the HDMI port on the Mini to the MDP port on the iMac.]
The only way I've been able to use the Mini as before is to keep the display on the iMac set to 'Never' turn off at the Energy Saver screen in System Preferences. I also set up the iMac to display a screensaver at the login screen. Now I can put the Mini to sleep and after a while first the iMac login screen is displayed, and then the iMac screensaver kicks in. Waking the Mini brings up the Mini screen right away.
The iMac has to be set to 'Never' turn off the display because otherwise it goes into sleep mode with a black screen, and that is what is seen when trying to wake up the Mini.
This would seem to be something that Apple engineers could quickly diagnose and fix--just get the Mini to send the proper handshaking signal to whatever display is connected to it. When you're selling a computer without a display I would think this would be one of the first issues you test to make sure it is done right.