Darwin is an open-source Unix-like operating system first released by Apple Inc.in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects.
Versions & OS...
16.0.0 September 13, 2016 macOS Sierra iOS 10 macOS v10.12.0 and iOS 10.0.1 (initial release version) OS X was rebranded into macOS. Writing to /Volumes directory is now restricted to root user or any user with root privileges System Integrity Protection now covers /Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer" Objective-C garbage collector removed and replaced by Automatic Reference Counting that was introduced with Darwin v12.0 (OS X v10.8). Objective-C applications that use garbage collection will no longer work. Native support for PPTP was removed.
16.5.0 March 27, 2017 macOS v10.12.4 and iOS 10.3 Changed filesystem from HFS+ to APFS on iOS devices. APFS is already available on macOS since 10.12.0 but can't be used on boot partition.
16.6.0 July 19, 2017 macOS v10.12.6 and iOS 10.3.3
17.0.0 September 19, 2017 macOS High Sierra iOS 11 APFS replaces HFS+ as the default filesystem for boot partition in macOS on Macs with flash storage. On Macs with HDDs, the boot partition must be reformatted to use APFS. ntpd replaced by timed as a time synchronization service FTP and telnet commands are removed. Kernel extensions ("kexts") will require explicit approval by the user before being able to run.
17.5.0 March 29, 2018 macOS 10.13.4 Support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 3, and removes support for external graphics processors using Thunderbolt 1 and 2.
17.6.0 June 1, 2018 macOS v10.13.5
17.7.0 July 9, 2018 macOS v10.13.6 and iOS 11.4.1
18.0.0 September 24, 2018 macOS Mojave iOS 12
18.2.0 October 30, 2018 macOS v10.14.1 and iOS 12.1 Added support for the new Radeon Vega 20 GPUs in the new MacBooks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)#Release_history