Restore from a backup to access Microsoft Authenticator for LastPass verification

I recently got lost in some of the accessibility settings, specifically the zoom options, which led me down a rabbit hole that made my phone inaccessible. I could not turn off my phone using regular method and thus had to do a “reset settings” in the settings app, then general, then reset. In doing so I lost all my linked accounts and apps that I was using through the Microsoft Authenticator app, and that then led to a bigger problem of not being able to authenticate my LastPass account, which stores EVERY password for EVERYTHING in my digital life.

I was wondering what others have done and if there is any way to restore an old ICloud backup solely within the iPhone XS Max itself, rather than doing it via a computer then iTunes? Thanks for any suggestions!