My symptoms are different. It does sync:
Waiting for sync to start
Preparing to sync
Copying diagnostic information
Syncing contacts
Syncing calendars
Syncing bookmarks
Reading photos from "Pictures"
...
HOWEVER, the calendar and contact on the iPhone do not really sync with Outlook. The interesting part is Safari bookmarks do sync to Internet Explorer bookmarks.
This is the system I have:
iOS 13.1 on iPhone 7
iTunes 12.10.0.7 in Windows 10 build 1903.
Microsoft Outlook 2013 (15.0.5172.1000) 64-bit.
All this happened after I upgraded to iOS 13.0 and iTune. I suspect it is an iTune problem but cannot be sure.
Any suggestion?