I've been working with a senior advisor on the phone and via email the last couple of weeks. She thought it was my external drive. After I did a number of tests - AND YES IT'S ALL VERY DEMOTIVATING - it turns out it doesn't matter what drive I use or how I import the footage.
That said, I don't have these problems with footage from my Canon. Only my iPhone 8 Plus. I heard someone else mention that device. Could this be a commonality?
In any case, she's passed my case onto the engineering department as the problem is beyond her expertise. We may as well continue working here to solve it. Here's all the relevant info I can think of.
The problem: Some kind of "compression" issue in the viewer, the timeline, the export, and infrequently the browser. Basically, I can see, for several frames, two clips meshed into one another. As a clip plays, all of a sudden there is a glitchy overlay of another clip. No problem in original media when played from Final Cut Pro Original Library folder. Sometimes these issues go away after a moment. Sometimes they don't. Multiple exports yield same glitches in same places, usually.
Device: iPhone 8 Plus (some clips from iPhone 6S)
Note: I have iCloud Photo Library on.
File transfer: Exported from Photos, Airdrop, and (only recently) Image Capture
MacBook Pro (15-inch, 2018) macOS Catalina 10.15.1.
Processor 2.6 GHz i7 | Memory 16 GB | Graphics 4 GB
Final Cut Pro X 10.4.8
Import: Sometimes transcoded for proxy. Never for optimized.
Playback: Prefer performance
View: Original media (sometimes proxy but not for recent projects)
Problem appears: Viewer, timeline, browser
Note: Problem does not appear in same places in viewer, timeline, and browser. Glitch may appear in only viewer or only timeline or only browser or only viewer but only with short red cursor...
Note: Problem does not appear in original media that has been copied into the library. It does not ever appear outside of FCPX except for in export.
Note: Problem does not appear with proxy media.
Problem started: ~late August/early September
Project edits include captions, 3D titles, and picture-in-picture
To see the videos: hhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8S8EgU_R3ndqH0M3x5BgTw (I won't be mad if you subscribe)
Examples: On Hold, any of the #HOOTA videos
Here's an example in the timeline:

Here's an example in the viewer:

Here's an example where the playhead didn't yield the glitch but the short cursor did:
Typical file details:
