If the SD Card and Card Reader work on another system, then try using a powered USB3 hub to connect the card reader to your laptop. The powered hub may supply more power to the SD card and reader, plus the hub can act as a buffer and filter.
You could also try booting into Safe Mode, but I'm not sure the Card Reader will be recognized since Safe Mode disables any unnecessary drivers.
It is possible one of the items is beginning to fail and the Mac is just being more particular than the other system to working with the Card Reader and SD card. I've had more trouble with USB sticks working correctly on a Mac than I have ever seen with a regular PC.