There is a problem with you current installation because the dialog states that it occurred while installing the selected updates. Be sure to copy the full installer application to a USB flash drive - 16GBs is the minimum size.
- Is your computer eligible for the upgrade to Catalina?
- Repair the disk using First Aid in Disk Utility.
- Backup your files, and only your files.
- Run the installer.
- Prior to the installation you need to erase your disk. This can be done by the installer.
- Try the installation once more.
Repair the Drive for El Capitan or Later
- Restart the computer. Immediately, at or before the chime, hold down the Command and R keys until the Apple logo and progress bar appear. Wait until the Utility Menu appears.
- Select Disk Utility and press the Continue button.
- Then select the indented (usually, Macintosh HD) volume entry from the side list.
- Click on the First Aid button in the toolbar and wait for the Done button to activate. Click on it, then quit Disk Utility.
- Select Restart from the Apple menu.
You can also make a bootable USB flash drive to install Catalina:
Bootable USB Installer for Catalina
First, review this introductory article: Create a bootable installer for macOS. Second, read this How To outline for creating a bootable macOS installer. Simply use the Terminal command by copying and pasting the command line below. You will need a 16GB USB flash drive that has been partitioned and formatted for use with OS X as well as an installer for the Catalina installer that you downloaded from the App Store.
Drive Partition and Format for the Flash Drive
- Open Disk Utility in the Utilities' folder.
- After Disk Utility loads select the flash drive (out-dented entry with the mfg.'s ID and size) from the side list.
- Click on the Erase button in the Disk Utility toolbar. Name the drive, "MyVolume". <---- IMPORTANT!
- In the drop down panel set the partition scheme to GUID. Set the Format type to Mac OS Extended (Journaled.)
- Click on the Apply button and wait for the Done button to activate. When it does click on it.
- Quit Disk Utility.
Create the Bootable Installer
Open the Terminal in the Utilities' folder. Copy the command line and paste that entire command line into the Terminal window at the prompt:
sudo /Applications/Install\ macOS\ Catalina.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia --volume /Volumes/MyVolume
Press RETURN. You will be asked for your admin password. It will not echo to the Terminal window. Then press RETURN again. Wait for the return of the Terminal prompt signifying the process has completed. It takes quite some time to finish. Be patient.
The bootable installer can be used to install Catalina. Shut the computer down. Insert your flash drive into a USB port. Start the computer like so:
Boot Using OPTION key
- Restart the computer.
- Immediately, at or before the chime, press and hold down the "OPTION" key.
- Release the key when the Boot Manager screen appears.
- Select the disk icon for the USB flash drive.
- Click on the arrow button under the disk icon.
I posted earlier the procedure for performing an Erase and Install using Network Recovery. If you follow those instructions, then you will be erasing the disk. Network Recovery involves connecting your computer to an Apple server via your Internet connection. The server will download and run the Utility Menu just like when you boot from the Recovery HD. You can choose to use this method instead of what I outlined above. In either case you will be erasing your disk, so be sure you have backed up your files before starting either procedure.