Good afternoon Gerasimos,
Welcome to the Apple Support Communities!
I understand you are not seeing the thumbnails or icons for two folders (including Downloads) and their contents on your Dock.
First, check the Finder preferences for these two folders and verify "Show icon preview" has a checkmark beside it. Even if it does, try toggling the setting off, then restart your computer, and turn the setting back on.
With the Finder application open, from the Menu bar choose View > Show View Option
At the bottom of the window you will see the "Show icon preview" option.
Also, try starting the Mac in safe mode or in a new user account to see if the issue persists:
Use safe mode to isolate issues with your Mac
How to test an issue in another user account on your Mac
Please reply to this thread with the results of these troubleshooting steps and I'll do my best to help you!
Take care.