I have a 4TB Time Capsule
Apple never offered a 4 TB version of the Time Capsule, so your drive is really not 4 TB unless you physically replaced the existing drive in the Time Capsule with a bigger drive.
When I first set it up a few years ago, I created a 2GB partition for TM and a 2GB partition as a family shared drive.
The Time Capsule drive cannot be partitioned in a normal sense of the word unless it is removed from the Time Capsule and connected directly to your Mac using a USB to SATA converter or caddy. Then, you have to reinstall the drive back into the Time Capsule.
Or, if you purchased a new 4 TB drive, it would have been possible to partition it before it was installed in the Time Capsule.
What you might be saying is that you set up separate disk images on the Time Capsule hard drive, which in a way can act like a separate partition, even though it's not.
Time Machine normally wants to back up directly to the Time Capsule drive.....named "Data" by default unless you have changed the name of the drive....... and not to a disk image.......so you might have set up an disk image just for the "shared" data. If this is the case, then you could delete the disk image and the Time Capsule drive will revert to its maximum 3 TB size available for backups. Time Machine backups will continue without interruption.
If you set things up differently, then we need more details.
So, let's first get some clarification on the actual size of the drive in the Time Capsule and exactly "how" you partitioned the drive when you originally set it up.