Is there a way to connect my HomePod to a vinyl turntable without using a computer?

Hello,

No, you would have to interface the turntable with a device capable of connecting to HomePod using AirPlay. This is how I use a turntable with my HomePod:

Turntable <-> Mac mini <-> HomePod

haven't seen such a module apart from computers really

airport express and appletv's and third party tv's and speakers and likes, that support airplay 2 are (all i've seen) receivers rather then transmitters.

doubt it, the only means to connect to it is airplay

Note that, currently, Macs can only send audio to a mono Homepod, unless the output is from iTunes (Mojave) or Music (Catalina). I don't know of a way to connect to stereo Homepods from a device connected to a Mac.

In any case, as has been pointed out elsewhere, the music from Homepods is digital so you would lose the perceived advantage of turntable >> analogue hifi.