System preference stuck asking for Apple ID credentials after laptop migration

You are welcome. Are you running any anti - virus programs? Using a VPN?

Try setting up another admin user account in System Preferences/Users & Groups to see if the same problem continues. Please post back on whether or not this worked. Also try the Safe Mode. Please post back on whether or not this worked.

Isolating an issue by using another user account    

Safe Mode - About.       

If it works in the Safe Mode, try running this program when booted normally and then copy and paste the output in a reply. The program was created by Etresoft, a frequent contributor.  Please use copy and paste as screen shots can be hard to read. Click “Share Report” button in the toolbar, select “Copy to Clipboard” and then paste into a reply. This will show what is running on your computer. No personal information is shown. If the log won’t post, try posting it in Pastebin and provide a link in a reply. After pasting the report in a PasteBin page, go to the top of the page, and copy the address in the URL bar. Paste that in a new reply.        Pastebin.    

Etrecheck – System Information.      

Web site version if required.  https://etrecheck.com

You might try disabling Tunnelbrick to see if that helps.

I would uninstall Sophos. It tends to interfere with the computer's operation while providing minimal to no benefit unless you work with Windows files. Most long time posters recommend not using antivirus software or cleaning software such as CleanMyMac.

https://community.sophos.com/kb/en-us/120838

Your problem Is this your problem, a somewhat "new" known issue that Apple is actively working on? I can't guarantee a solution, but, see:

How Fix Update Apple ID Settings If It Won’t Go Away https://techzillo.com/update-apple-id-settings/

Update Apple ID settings iphone https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251180098

Getting a message to Update Apple ID Settings on iPhone, iPad, or Mac? https://appletoolbox.com/update-apple-id-settings-on-iphone-ipad-or-mac-after-changing-your-password/

Updating Apple ID Settings https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251076026

Update Apple ID Settings On iPhone? What It Means & What ToDo! https://www.payetteforward.com/update-apple-id-settings-on-iphone-what-it-means-what-to-do/  

Some people have fixed this by signing out of iCloud, restarting their device, and then logging back in. That hasn't worked for everyone.

You are very welcome. Be safe.

You are welcome.