Apple ID - Can’t Sign In On Phone

A few weeks ago I updated my Apple ID from my Mac computer because my previous Apple ID was an old college email address. Ever since then I have not been able to access anything Apple ID related from my phone, and about every hour each day I get 2 settings notifications in a row that pop up and say “Update Apple ID Settings: Some account services will not be available until you sign in again.” So I then go to my settings and click my name at the top (and I ensure that I am connected to WiFi) and a message automatically pops up that says “Sign In to iCloud: Enter the password for your Apple ID” and then shows my newly updated Apple ID that I had changed using my Mac computer. So then I enter my password - (yes I am positive I’m entering it correctly and using the correct password because oddly enough that same password and Apple ID work perfectly fine and allow me to login from my computer) - and then the little loading symbol spins and then it pops up a message that says “Verification Failed: There was an error connecting to the Apple ID server”. And then it just won’t let me do anything else or give me any other options to click or go into to try. So how do I fix this problem? I’ve also attached images of the messages I’m getting from my phone that I previously mentioned above. HELP!!