What version of the macOS installer did you put on the USB drive?
How did you create the bootable macOS USB drive?
Macs can be very picky about the USB sticks used for booting so try using another brand of USB stick.
Also the latest supported version of macOS for a 2009 Mac is macOS 10.11 El Capitan.
Edit: You can also boot from a retail copy of OSX 10.6 Snow Leopard if you cannot install macOS using other methods.
If you still have the original hard drive and it can boot, then reinstall the original hard drive and connect the new SSD externally using a USB to SATA Adapter, drive dock, or enclosure. You can then either use Carbon Copy Cloner (CCC) to clone the hard drive to the SSD or you can now access the hidden recovery partition on the hard drive by booting with Command + R (or possibly by Option Booting).
You will need to first erase the SSD as GUID partition and MacOS Extended (Journaled) before you can install macOS or clone the drive using CCC.