I've had a similar problem.
I updated my Mac mini 2012 (connected via miniDisplayPort to an HP Z27 display), and the progress bar was stuck forever.
After a little more than one hour, I used the POWER button to shut the Mac down, then turn it on.
The display remained black. When pressing the trackpad, the mouse point appeared.
I was not able to boot it in Recovery mode (the screen didn't even show an image). Neither Save Mode was possible.
However, I was lucky enough to have another (older) display (an HP LP2475w, connected via HDMI), and it worked better. Or something did change in the meantime.
The Apple logo and the progress bar did appear. But it was stuck. I reboot in safe mode, and this time the progress bar went on, up to 100%, after probably having done some disk assistance. But then it was stuck for nearly one hour.
I could reboot in Recovery Mode, and let Disk First Aid check the disk. The disk was OK, apart for a series of warning (of the type: "inode_val: object (oid 0x200ae373a): invalid bsd_flags (0x10)"). I'm not sure if these are serious issues (they are warnings, not errors). They are often reported to be caused by MS OneNote, but I don't use it; however, I use Office online.
After this, I could reboot in normal mode. Everything seems fine at the moment. TimeMachine is preparing a backup since forever, but maybe this is normal after all that mess.
Paolo