Update of my report: https://discussions.apple.com/thread/251804766?answerId=253527075022#253527075022
The new original Apple battery I installed did the same after few hours. First it went very well, but then my iPhone restarted and started with empty battery. Bevore this restart battery had about 40%. After the restart iPhone show me only 1%. And I can no longer charge my iPhone.
I connected my iPhone again to the lab power supply and observed the power consumption. The current in stand by is about 60mA. The current consumption on homescreen was 300 - 400mAh. (Dsiplay brightnis 70%). But some times it rised sporadically and abruptly to the 1,5A (@3.7V) (5,5 Watt) This jump could be responsible for killing our batteries.
First conclusion
This issue have initially nothing to do with the battery. I think because of this buggy iOS14 there is sometimes to much load on the battery. This load kills the battery chip or the battery itself.
I went to Apple Store. They tried to read the data out and to do some diagnostics on my iPhone. But due to the fact, the device is dead they could nothing do with it. I don't have the warranty anymore, so I had to pay for a replacement or stay with it. I declined the offer.
Now, because of this update to iOS 14 my device doesn't work normally.
My next steps are:
I will do a hard reset and erase all data from my iPhone. Then I will update it to iOS 14.01 with iTunes and test it again with the original battery. If that doesn't help, I'll try to downgrade the iOS to 13.5 or 13.7. . if such downgrade is possible ...