You can Group and you can sort within the group, but you can't group by folder. You can group by Kind, but that doesn't show what is in each folder.
List View is as close as you could get to show the contents of folders, but you would have to sort by date modified.
If you are listing files by which you can gather with some criteria, you could create a search folder to gather all of the files from each of the subfolders and then sort that listing by date modified. No, you can't search in a list of folders. That just isn't possible in Spotlight.
A convoluted way to achieve what you want would be to tag every file in each folder with a name matching the folder, the Group by Tag and sort by date modified. I think you would have to first search for every Tag, then group the search results by Tag.