Hello Jocinpalm,
Thanks for using the Apple Support Communities. We understand that you're experiencing an issue with your MagSafe Charger when in use with your Microsoft Surface 2 Docking Station. Does the charger work when connected to an Apple charging block? If you're not sure, you should try testing that. Also, you mentioned it doesn't work when your monitor is connected, does that mean it works when the monitor isn't connected? If so, you should contact Microsoft to see if they can find why this is happening with these specific connections.
In regards to the adapter, looking at USB-C to USB Adapter, it states in the overview: "Plug the USB-C end of the adapter into a USB-C or Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) port on your Mac, and then connect your flash drive, camera, or other standard USB device. You can also connect a Lightning to USB cable to sync and charge your iPhone, iPad, or iPod." It doesn't specify if it can be connected directly to a charging block.
Best regards.