Unable to Sign Out of iCloud on iPhone

When I click my name to access my Apple ID and iCloud settings, The "Name, Phone Numbers, Email" and the "Payment & Shipping" options are greyed out. When I scroll down it says "Trusted device list is not available" and the "Sign Out" option is also greyed out. When I click "Password and Security" it says "Account Details Unavailable" and then offers "Get Verification Code" and "OK".

I would like to be able to access my iCloud settings and Apple ID settings on my iPhone device but I cannot get anywhere beyond this point. I have two other trusted apple devices, one windows laptop and one iPad which is broken and I cannot use.

I have a notification on my main settings page that says "Update Apple ID Settings" but when I click it, it immediately says "Verification Failed - there was a problem connecting to the server". I would like that to go away and for me to have full control of my account and details on my iPhone device.

Please help.

(I have spent hours and hours reading help columns and Apple Support posts but nothing works)