I had the same problem: LG 32" 4K 32UK550
The user interface gets small on a 27" or 32" when the resolution is set to 4K (3840 × 2160). The font sizes in the Apple user interface can only be adjusted in a very limited way at the moment. You have to adjust in several scattered places:
- Menu bar: Go to system settings -> Acessability -> Display: Size of the Menubar: set to big. This is supposed to increase the size of the menu bar. But in my experience there is almost no difference. Here you also can set the size of the pointer.
- Finder: Display settings: Set font size to a bigger value, increase the folder size
- Finder windows sidebar font and icon size: System settings "General" (Sorry my interface is in German, but I think this is it in english, the first one) Set size of the sidebar-symbols to"Medium" or "Big"
These are the settings I found.
Following problems remain:
- All alert windows and the font of many apps, also Apples Apps (ActivityDisplay, etc) display tiny font (1,6 mm high on my screen), very hard to read. The width should adjust automatically to the length of the text in the sidebar.


- The save dialog windows open too narrow: You have to adjust the width of the sidebar in the "Save" dialog every time. Extremely annoying.

I think it is high time that Apple starts to think about put all display and size related settings in one place. The partial adjustment that we have at the moment is outdated with the availability of some many different display sizes and resolutions.
Every part of the UI should be adjustable in size so that it is reliably readable.
What we have at the moment is unacceptable!
PS: Please do not advise me to set the resolution to 2560x1440 - I migrated from my 2010 iMac to a bigger screen, because I wanted more display real estate.