I'm Sorry but now, with the several and different answers, the confusion is mine :-) but the different contributions, which give to me e more information and for which I am grateful, help me to rephrase my question:
a) Is it right that it is possible to instal the operative system (my computer is iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, 2019) whit last big sur) on an external ssd drive (with about 2 or 3 tb) Thunderbolt 3, with no slowdown compared to internal drive? (see also tbirdvet answer);
b) the external drive must be powered or could be not powered? (see also Jack-19 link/answer).
Thank you all!