Recurring Kernel Panics - OSX11.4 on a 2016 MBP

First try resetting the NVRAM & SMC:

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204063

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201295 (you do not have the T2 chip)

Yes, there's a lot of people reporting this problem online across different models. But there are also Windows users seeing this error. As well as Linux servers recording it in their BMC consoles and when gamers overclock their CPU improperly they get a CATERR light on the motherboard. It certainly looks like an Intel CPU error which means you might have a defective CPU or system board that will require repair / replacement.

A processor CATERR is a CATastrophic ERRor asserted by the processor as in the Intel Processor is sending the error.

The important lines are below.

CATERR detected! No MCA data found.
9 error-reporting banks
mp_kdp_enter() timed-out on cpu 2, NMI-ing
mp_kdp_enter() NMI pending on cpus: 0 1 3
mp_kdp_enter() timed-out during locked wait after NMI;expected 4 acks but received 1 after 8459465 loops in 1452000000 ticks
panic(cpu 2 caller 0xffffff80069c6529): "Machine Check at 0x0000000108d76f57

That's hardware, it's stating that CPU #2 had a problem and stopped responding. You have 2 physical cores and two hyper threaded cores. as this model is an Intel i5-6267U CPU.

If you still have AppleCare, reach out to Apple Support. It is certainly not supposed to do that.

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201232

As James Brickley stated, that is likely a hardware fault.

However, since you have two third-party kernel extensions loaded, rule those out before taking it in.

Start in Safe Mode and see if you still have panics. That will disable the third party kernel extensions, so whatever you are using DuetDisplay for will not work. If no panics, then it is caused by one of the two kernel extensions.

The other one is the Goolag File System driver (Goolag Drive, maybe).