READ FIRST
When you uninstalled OneDrive per Microsoft's instructions did they advise you to remove the configuration files inside your users ~/Library folder? I see quite a few configuration files under the following locations:
~/Library/Group Containers/UBF8T346G9.OneDriveStandaloneSuite
~/Library/Containers/com.microsoft.OneDrive.FinderSync
~/Library/Application Support/com.microsoft.OneDrive
~/Library/Application Support/com.microsoft.OneDrive.DownloadAndGo
~/Library/Application Support/com.microsoft.OneDriveStandaloneUpdater
~/Library/Application Support/com.microsoft.OneDriveUpdater
~/Library/Application Support/OneDrive
~/Library/Application Support/OneDriveStandaloneUpdater
~/Library/Application Support/OneDriveUpdater
~/Library/Application Scripts/com.microsoft.OneDrive.FinderSync
~/Library/Caches/com.microsoft.OneDrive
~/Library/Caches/com.microsoft.OneDrive.DownloadAndGo
~/Library/Caches/com.microsoft.OneDriveStandaloneUpdater
~/Library/Caches/com.microsoft.OneDriveUpdater
~/Library/Caches/OneDrive
~/Library/Logs/OneDrive
~/Library/Preferences/com.microsoft.OneDrive.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.microsoft.OneDrive.DownloadAndGo.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.microsoft.OneDriveStandaloneUpdater.plist
~/Library/Preferences/com.microsoft.OneDriveUpdater.plist
~/Library/WebKit/com.microsoft.OneDrive
I might have missed a few. As you can see there are a lot of configuration files all over the place. This ~/Library folder is hidden inside each macOS user account. So when you say it works with a different account that means all these files are different between accounts. This is also why it might just be easier to create a new primary user account on the Mac and move the data you need to keep to /Users/Shared and then login to the new account and move the files from /Users/Shared.
But you can try the following. Quit the OneDrive application from the menu bar. Then remove all these items I listed above to the trash. Logout and log back on with the problematic user account. Run OneDrive and it should recreate all the default configuration files, etc. Hopefully, that will fix the problem. Suspect one of those configuration files was damaged.
I found a script inside the OneDrive application called "ResetOneDriveAppStandalone.command" that seems to automate killing the running OneDrive App, and removing all the configuration files in the user ~/Library directories I listed. You could Open Terminal and issue the following command to run it.
bash /Applications/OneDrive/Contents/Resources/ResetOneDriveAppStandalone.command
Within this script above is a portion to unload the Finder Extension:
/usr/bin/pluginkit -e ignore -i com.microsoft.OneDrive.FinderSync
killall FinderSync
I don't think this Microsoft provided reset script clears everything. So run the script first then go through the folders I listed and remove any residual entries. Then logout and login and start OneDrive, login to OneDrive and see if the icons appear. Try rebooting once things settle down.
EDIT
There are Keychain entries for OneDrive, open the Keychain, search for OneDrive and remove those entries as well.