What is the exact model of your laptop? You can get this information by entering your serial number here:
https://checkcoverage.apple.com/
Try running the Apple Diagnostics to see if any hardware issues are detected.
Did you perform a clean install of macOS by first erasing the whole physical drive before attempting to install macOS (Intel Mac only)? When installing Big Sur on an Intel Mac you need to click "View" within Disk Utility and select "Show All Devices" so that the physical drive appears on the left pane of Disk Utility.
If you have a 2018+ Intel Mac, then you may need to "Revive" or even "Restore" the T2 firmware using the instruction in this Apple article:
Revive or restore an Intel-based Mac with Apple Configurator 2 - Apple Support