When you reinstalled macOS you keep selecting the incorrect destination volume for the macOS installer. At this point is probably easier to just start completely over with a clean install of macOS by first erasing the whole physical drive before installing macOS. Then on booting into the clean install of macOS you will have an option to restore from a Time Machine backup. You may need to click "View" within Disk Utility and select "Show All Devices" so that the physical drive appears on the left pane of Disk Utility (you need to do this from the macOS installer). Erasing the physical drive will destroy all data on the drive.
While it may be possible to delete all of the extra "Data" volumes it is tricky since the boot volume is most likely one of these "Data" volumes as well. Who know where your data is actually located now. If you want to try this option you can boot the Mac normally and launch Disk Utility. Then click on each "Data" volume and try to delete it by clicking on the "-". You should also delete the old "Macintosh HD" volume (with no "Data" in its name). If you are booted into macOS, then macOS will not allow you to delete the two currently used "Macintosh HD" volumes so you want to delete all of the other "Macintosh HD" volumes that Disk Utility lets you to delete.
In the end you should have just two "Macintosh HD" volumes (perhaps with several "Data"s in them). Leave all of the non-Macintosh HD volumes alone as they are necessary for the normal operation of macOS (VM, Preboot, Update, Recovery). After deleting all of the old "Macintosh HD" volumes you should rename the remaining two volumes. The volume with the least amount of "Data"s in the name probably should be "Macintosh HD", while the other volume should be "Macintosh HD - Data". Keep in mind the volume with just a single "Data" in the name most likely holds the original data (if it wasn't backed up).
FYI, in the future you are supposed to select the "Macintosh HD" volume for the OS installation (the one without "Data" in the name).
