How did you determine the drive health? Run DriveDx on macOS or GSmartControl on Windows/Linux and post the complete health report here using the "Additional Text" icon which looks like a piece of paper. There is a portable version of GSmartControl for Windows that does not require any installation (it can be run from the Downloads folder). You may also want to provide the health report for the original drive as well.
How did you setup up the new SSD? Did you perform a clean install after first using Disk Utility to erase the SSD as GUID partition and MacOS Extended (Journaled)? If you cloned the drive, then how did you clone it? Carbon Copy Cloner is the easiest way of cloning a macOS boot drive.
Have you tried connecting the original hard drive or the new SSD externally using a USB to SATA Adapter, drive dock, or enclosure? Some SSDs may not be compatible and perhaps your replacement SATA Cable is defective.
Make sure to disconnect all external devices in case one of them is causing a problem. When testing the drives externally connect them directly to the laptop.
Try running the Apple Diagnostics to see if any hardware issues are detected (best to have the original hard drive installed internally since third party drives tend to report failures with the diagnostic).
Also try an SMC Reset and PRAM Reset (hold the PRAM Reset for at least three chimes).
