Are the values in the non-transposable table entered directly, or are they imported from one or more other tables in the document?
Not sure what you mean by imported, but the table was written from scratch and two columns are referencing two columns from another table.
Are the cells on the non-transposable table referenced by cells on one or more other tables?
Two of the columns reference data in one other table in another sheet. Although, deleting those columns doesn't fix the problem. I've double checked for any other formula in the current problematic sheet.
Are any of the inter dependent tables Locked?
All data is unlocked. To make sure I've gone through all the sheet pressing ⌘ + A and then ⌥ + ⌘ + L to unlock any rogue cell/table.
Adding to SG's suggestion to 'restart your Mac', I would take the next step—a restart into Safe Mode.
Details can be found here: How to use safe mode on your Mac - Apple Support (CA)
A restart into Safe Mode seems a bit drastic given that the menu options works fine in another document. Also MacOS seems to be working just fine overall. Apart from Numbers, I consider myself a power user, and I can usually tell when something is off.
The only other thing I can think of right now, is that this table was originally a ".csv" file, then opened in Numbers app, converted and saved with .numbers extension. I've never had any problems before with this kind of conversion.
Below more pictures of the table:



