Boot into macOS and retrieve the files from the Windows partition. macOS has the ability to read an NTFS volume (macOS cannot write to an NTFS volume). Also make sure you have a good backup of the data on your macOS volume as well.
Then try deleting the new "U" partition to try to merge it back into the macOS Container. I have no idea if this will work, but what do you have to lose if you have your data backed up. Then see if you can boot into Windows. I think the main problem is the Windows bootloader uses a partition number to locate where the Windows system files are located and you introduced another partition which throws this count off. Sometimes on a standard PC it may be possible to run the Windows installer to attempt to repair the bootloader links or to manually edit the Windows' boot configuration files, but I have no idea if it would work on a Mac with BootCamp (it is even difficult on a regular PC). While I've done this years ago on a standard PC, the last time I attempted it, I gave up since it is hard to find the necessary information online since most instructions are dealing with a very basic configuration. Windows' documentation is just as lacking as Apple's.
You could try running BootCamp Assistant to remove Windows, but I don't know if it is possible to merge that space back into the "U" partition. I doubt it, but it doesn't hurt to try.
Your only other option is to erase the whole physical drive, followed by reinstalling macOS and restoring from a backup. Then use BootCamp Assistant to reinstall Windows. I highly recommend you create a bootable macOS USB installer while you still have access to macOS. While you should be able to reinstall macOS from Recovery Mode (Command + R), or Internet Recovery Mode (Command + Option + R), sometimes people have issues problems due to network or ISP issues. Better to be over prepared with several options and not need everything. Within Disk Utility you may need to click "View" and select "Show All Devices" before the physical drive ("Apple HDD HT5410....") appears on the left pane of Disk Utility. If installing macOS 10.14+, erase the physical drive as GUID partition and APFS (top option), otherwise for older versions of macOS erase the physical drive as GUID partition and MacOS Extended (Journaled).
The one forum contributor who was a master at dealing with partition issues has not posted on here in a long time. As you have seen from those other posts there was basically one contributor who was helping the majority of users with partition issues.
You should always have frequent and regular backups of your computer(s) and all external media (including the cloud) which contains important & unique data. For users with Windows BootCamp, make sure to back up Windows as well.