This happened to me when I upgraded phones.
I only have one personal calendar, which is synced through Gmail and iCloud. My new iPhone has iOS 17.4.1.
I tried all the non-delete options first, but they didn’t work. I was able to fix by deleting the calendar and then turning the sync back on.
I went to Calendar -> Accounts and selected my Google calendar. Then I toggled Calendars off, and when prompted chose delete. Then I toggle back on.
My calendar was empty at first but immediately started repopulating. Search subsequently worked.
Don’t try this if your calendar lives ONLY in your phone and isn’t syncing with something.