How do I recover my apple id if my old phone was stolen?

My old iPhone was a iPhone 12 stolen the day i came and looked at my place while my stuff was still at the shelter and the staff dud nothing for me saying they didn’t know who did it and had no cameras snd to not bother calling the cops to find out. Even though it was one of the few things i was able to get out of where i left from. When i called support i got no help on getting my id back because a recovery code was set up that i never set up. My id has information linked to my health on it and stuff in apple health that wasn’t any where else

There’s a recovery key I can’t recover it without the stolen phine or the key i never set up it says was set uo