If you have synced Mac data via iCloud Drive or iCloud Photos you can still backup to an external drive. However, if you turned on Optimize Mac Storage in iCloud Photos preferences and/or turned on Optimize Mac Storage for iCloud Drive in Apple menu > System Settings, then it is possible that some of your data is optimized and does not have a local copy on the Mac. In that case, that data will not be included in a backup to an external drive.
Apple offers iCloud Backup for iPhones and iPads but not for Mac computers.
It is possible to sync data from a Mac to iCloud if you turn on those options (e.g., iCloud Photos, iCloud Drive including the Desktop & Documents option). Syncing has some of the benefits of a backup (and the benefit of being offsite) but is not the same as a backup. Major differences include the fact that not everything on your Mac can be synced and the fact that if you delete something, accidentally or otherwise, there is only a limited time period (30 days in most cases) during which it can be recovered.
Also see the Apple article: How to back up your Mac - Official Apple Support
And more information on syncing in:
Set up and use iCloud Photos - Apple Support
and
Access and manage your files in iCloud Drive - Apple Support
and
Add your Desktop and Documents files to iCloud Drive - Apple Support