I too have this on 2 iPhone 14 Pro Max running iOS 17.0.3
I swear I never noticed this until iOS 17 but both phone are indeed on T-Mobile.
It seems random and I cant always reproduce it either but it doesn't seem to matter who calls whom meaning inbound -vs- outbound in our case but both phones do this so it's not likely a bad handset.
I've always had random odd issues with TMO and they either never understand my complaint or do not acknowledge it but sometimes something somewhat gets corrected. Maybe the right person has to complain. I don't know. Once they dumped most of their T-Force support group to save money, support went into the sewer. At least with them we had SOME chance of SOMEONE listening to our issues.
:-/
If I could get the same pricing with VZW or someone else, I would port out but no one can touch the pricing and features we have with TMO, so we tend to put up with their network issues in exchange for excellent pricing on cellular.
I am looking once again at USCellular due to the fact they are regional and we have better access to support and engineers that might actually care about what the customer experiences. Who knows...