Apple does not store user data on SIM cards. Given that the old phone does not work, you will have to connect to iCloud using the new phone, to the extent that this is possible with a non-Apple phone.
Android has limited iCloud access apart from what you can do with iCloud.com through a web browser. You can use Apple Music with the native Apple app for Android. You can configure a third party mail reader to get access to iCloud.com email addresses. You can watch Apple TV with a web browser. Some apps are available by logging into iCloud.com and using the browser versions there.
Read this Nov. 2019 discussion for more information about setting up iCloud email on other devices - How do I add my apple email on my android… - Apple Community
and this Oct. 2021 thread: Signing in my apple account from android … - Apple Community