I *suspect* but can't prove that there are a lot of log files on the iPhone that the sync process is trying to copy to the Mac before it starts copying app files, and it's getting bogged down.
Using Xcode I connected to my iPhone and clicked "Open Recent Logs". I can see a few dozen files, some very current and some from the last few days. I tried cleaning them out (Move to Trash one by one). When I go back to Xcode and go to Open Recent Logs again, the files have come back.
I searched for a log file name on my Mac and did not find it. So I don't think it's trying to copy from Mac to iPhone.
I suspect "Recent Logs" is some sort of smart folder, not a real folder, so Move to Trash does not have the desired effect.
Like you, I would like to not have to Force Quit this process in order to sync my phone.
I see notes about this going back a while... it's not new.
I'm on Mac Sonoma 14.2 and iOS 17.2.
I looked for an option to disable copying log files to the Mac but have not found one yet.