Re: “… There should be a way that I could include another device to receive that code …”
There IS a method !!! Trusted Numbers
Did you read the full article and try the steps at “Didn’t Receive Code” ?
If you did - and you have no other Trusted Devices (e.g. iPad or Mac) AND no previously setup Trusted Numbers - your only way “back in” to your account is via Account Recovery - as detailed at the end of the article.
While unfortunate; learn from this experience so as to be more prepared “next time.”
There’s simply no reason to allow one’s self to get locked-out of their account. 😕
While you wait for the recovery process to churn, you might also study this article:
Two-factor authentication for Apple ID - Apple Support