Sounds like you probably have a failing hard drive in that laptop. While you may not have noticed the performance issues (or realized the cause of the performance issues), they were most likely from a failing drive. Decrypting the drive will stress a drive a lot so it put the drive over the cliff it was already on.
If you do not have a backup, then stop using this drive immediately and see if a professional data recovery service can perform a low level block for block clone of this hard drive so that you have an exact clone on a working hard drive. Then you may be able to install the clone drive & hope macOS will boot and allow you to finish decrypting the drive.
Unfortunately file repair utilities and at least the consumer level data recovery apps will not work on a drive which is in the process of encrypting or decrypting since the file system is in a very complex state at that point.
There is a slim chance you may have a bad internal hard drive SATA Cable which is very common with a 13" MBPro (mid-2012) model. You could try removing the drive & connecting it externally using a USB to SATA Adapter, drive dock, or enclosure and booting it externally.
FYI, if the hard drive is failing as I suspect, then the more you attempt to "fix" things the more likely the failure will be made even worse where even a professional data recovery service may be unable to clone the drive or recovery any data. You usually get only one chance to recover data from a failing hard drive so be careful & choose wisely.
It should have been possible to transfer data without needing to decrypt the drive.
If you don't have backups, then make sure you start backing up your new computer since there are a lot more new ways to permanently lose access to the data on the more recent Macs due to all the hardware, software, and security changes. Apple includes Time Machine backup software with every copy of macOS to make it easy for people to have backups....the user just needs to purchase an external drive.