iPhone not showing in Finder

I have an issue where my iPhone doesn't show in my Finder when I connect it to my Macbook Pro. It's been ongoing for months. It means that I can't backup my phone to my computer etc.

iPhone 14 Pro Max / 512GB / iOS 17.5.1 / Model MQAM3ZP/A

Macbook Pro 15" 2017 / MacOS Ventura 13.6.7

Initially I thought it was merely a cable issue, because up until August 2023 I was able to connect my phone / backup / sync etc without issue. I can still do this with my other iPhones (X / 6S / 5S) and iPad (Pro 11" iPadOS 17.5.1) without any issue at all. Everytime I connect them, I get the 'Trust this computer' message - but I don't get it on my iPhone 14. It still charges my phone, uses airdrop and can handoff calls and sync with Facetime / Messages etc without skipping a beat, but it just refuses to show in the finder.

I've read through all the Apple help articles relevant to this. I've reset the SMC and PRAM / NVRAM on my MBP. I've logged out and in of my AppleID on both devices. I've tried restarting both devices. I've tried different USBC ports on my MBP. I've reset my location / privacy settings and network settings on my iPhone. I've tried different cables. I've tried different wifi networks and none of it has worked.

EDIT: I've also restarted my MBP in Safe Mode with no luck. Also ran Mac diagnostics and no issues reported.

Apple support went through all the above with me, and said that I should do an iCloud backup, erase the phone entirely, and then restore the backup - that hasn't worked either. At the time of writing It's still restoring, but has brought up a new issue of an unknown AppleID connected to my account (the separate issue mentioned above). I've also connected my friends iPhone 14 and iPad Air today, and both of them connected without issue, both received the 'Trust this computer' message, and both appeared in the finder.

After exhausting all my avenues, I'm now at a point where I'm convinced there is a hardware issue with my phone, but I thought I'd reach out to the brains trust here to see if anybody else has some additional insight?