iPad stopped charging from laptop

I can see several potential causes for what you have described.

Please be aware a Laptop port (USB-A) is likely to have an output rating 500mA at 5 Volts. That calculates to 2.5W maximum output. Your iPad 10th Gen uses a USB-C input port which implies it is probably designed for higher rated input sources. Apple's USB-C power adaptors are almost all rated for at least 20W which means it will be rated for multi-voltage and current levels, probably with full PD (Power Delivery) compliance.

Having said that, I am using a USB-A Lightning cable with Apple's Lightning to USB-C adaptor, and it manages to charge my iPhone 15 Pro Max from a 2.4A USB-A socket in the car. I admit I have not yet tested this combo with my new iPad Pro.

If you have a higher rated USB-A power adaptor available you could test with the Belkin cable. This might show if the problem is simply that the laptop can't provide enough power. It would also be worth testing with a different cable simply to show whether there might be embedded electronics in the cable, which might have failed.

Well that was easy, the required setting is always the last place you will look 😂. Thanks for the update, that’s another one for the list of obscure problems.

I still think a laptop USB will struggle to provide enough power to charge a new iPad. Don't expect charging to be fast!