Can connecting my iPhone to a laptop compromise its security?

Adding Malware or Spyware would only be possible if he did Jailbreak it. Although 10 minutes is not much time to complete that process, it may be possible. With the Password, he could install any apps on your phone and not even need the laptop. Some apps such as Life360 are used by family member to keep track of their locations. It is a legitimate app, but can be used for nefarious purposes if you give your phone to someone else and also give them your password.

No. Connecting an iPhone to a computer and trusting the computer, will not easily do anything harmful at all. Now, if you give the phone to someone else to connect to their computer, that would be most unwise.

A Factory Reset will remove any Jailbreak along with anything that could have been installed on a jailbroken phone. Without a jailbroken phone you do not have spyware or malware. When reviewing apps, make sure you do that from the App Library by swiping all the way to the left. View the apps in alphabetical order by swiping down on the screen once you get there. You can have apps in the App Library that do not appear on your Home Screens.